Which component of reading instruction involves understanding word meanings and associations?

The correct choice, which focuses on understanding word meanings and associations, is vocabulary development. This component of reading instruction is crucial as it encompasses the process of learning, understanding, and using words effectively. Vocabulary development includes teaching students definitions of words, synonyms, antonyms, and how to use words in context, which ultimately enhances their overall communication skills and comprehension.

When students have a solid vocabulary, they are better equipped to decode texts and grasp the meanings behind what they read. Building a robust vocabulary helps students make connections between new and known words, improves their ability to infer meaning from context, and enriches their understanding of language nuances.

Phonics, on the other hand, primarily focuses on the relationship between letters and sounds, which is essential for decoding words but does not directly address understanding word meanings. Comprehension refers to the overall understanding of the text as a whole, including the integration of ideas, while fluency deals with the speed and accuracy of reading. While all these components interrelate in literacy development, vocabulary development specifically targets the understanding and association of word meanings, making it the fitting choice for this question.