What type of government was established in Rome before the reign of Julius Caesar?

The type of government established in Rome before the reign of Julius Caesar was a Republic. This system of governance began around 509 BC, following the overthrow of the last king of Rome, Tarquin the Proud. During the Republic, Rome was governed by elected officials and a complex system of checks and balances, which allowed for a degree of political representation and citizen participation.

The Senate, composed of Rome's elite and leading citizens, held significant power and influence, while officials such as consuls were elected to execute laws and lead the military. The Republic lasted for several centuries and set the foundation for Roman law and republican ideals, which have influenced modern democratic systems.

The transition from a Republic to a more autocratic form of government began with figures like Julius Caesar, who significantly altered the political landscape, eventually leading to the establishment of the Empire after the Republic's decline. Therefore, understanding the Republic is crucial for recognizing the historical context of governance in ancient Rome.